Ian Fleming

Ian Lancaster Fleming (May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was an English author and journalist, best remembered for writing the James Bond series of novels as well as the children's story, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

Biography
Ian Fleming was born in Mayfair, London, to Valentine Fleming, a Member of British Parliament, and his wife Evelyn St. Croix Fleming (née Rose). Ian was the younger brother of the travel writer Peter Fleming and the older brother of Michael and Richard Fleming.

Ian was educated at Eton College and Sandhurst military academy. He won the Victor Ludorum, at Eton, two years running, something that had only been achieved once before him. After an early departure from Sandhurst which he found uncongenial, he was sent by his mother to study languages on the continent, first at Kitzbühel, Austria, at a small private establishment run by the Adlerian disciples, Ernan Forbes Dennis and his American-born wife, the novelist Phyllis Bottome, to improve his German and prepare him for the Foreign Office exams then at Munich University, Germany and finally to improve his French at the University of Geneva in Switzerland.

Fleming was unsuccessful at the attempt to join the Foreign Office and subsequently worked as, firstly as a sub-editor and journalist for the Reuters news service, including for a time in 1933 in Moscow, Russia and later as a stockbroker with Rowe and Pitman, in Bishopsgate.

World War II
In 1939, on the eve of World War II, Rear Admiral John Godfrey, Director of Naval Intelligence of the Royal Navy, recruited Fleming (who at the time held the rank of reserve subaltern in the Black Watch) as personal assistant. Initially commissioned as a Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve lieutenant, he was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant commander, then as Commander.

While in Naval Intelligence, Fleming conceived, and was author of Operation Ruthless, a plan — left unexecuted — for capturing the German naval version of the Wehrmacht's Enigma communications encoder. He also came up with an attempt to use British occultist Aleister Crowley to trick Rudolph Hess into attempting to contact a faux cell of anti-Churchill Englishmen in Britain. This plan wasn't used, however, as Rudolph Hess had flown to Scotland and parachuted in an attempt to broker peace behind Hitler's back.

Anthony Masters's book The Man Who Was M: The Life of Charles Henry Maxwell Knight asserts Fleming conceived the plan that successfully lured Hess into flying to Scotland — in May 1941, to negotiate Anglo–German peace with Churchill — and consequent captivity; this claim has no other source. Fleming also formulated Operation Goldeneye, a plan to maintain communication with Gibraltar as well as a plan of defence if Spain had joined the Axis Powers and along with Germany had invaded the land.

In June 1941 General William Donovan requested that Fleming write a memorandum describing the structure and functions of a secret service organisation, which Fleming did and was rewarded with a .38 Police Positive Colt revolver with the inscription, "For Special Services." Parts of this memorandum were later used in the official charter for the OSS, which was later dissolved after World War II in 1945. The descendant of the OSS, the Central Intelligence Agency was proposed and created 2 years later.

In 1942 Fleming formed an Auxiliary Unit known as 30 AU, which he nicknamed as his own "Red Indians." 30 AU was specifically trained at lock-picking, safe-cracking, various forms of unarmed combat, and other techniques and skills for collecting intelligence. As Fleming's responsibility, he meticulously planned all their raids, going so far as to memorize aerial photographs so that their missions could be planned out to the detail. Although very successful, 30 AU was eventually taken away from Fleming on D-Day.

It is often reported, and perpetuated by Fleming, that he travelled to Whitby, Ontario to train at Camp X, a top secret training school for Allied forces. This is, however, most likely not true, as no evidence to Fleming being at Camp X has ever been retrieved, nor do any of the staff recall Fleming ever being there. [1]

Writing career
As the DNI's personal assistant, Fleming's intelligence work was the background and experience for writing the James Bond novels. The first Bond novel was Casino Royale, published in 1953. It is believed the woman character, Vesper Lynd, was inspired by real-life SOE agent, Christine Granville; likewise, various inspirations for James Bond, the protagonist, have been suggested. Besides writing the twelve novels and nine short stories featuring James Bond, secret agent 007, Ian Fleming also is known for writing the children's novel, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. The James Bond books became wildly successful and part of 1950s popular culture even before being filmed, permitting Fleming to retire comfortably to his home he had in Jamaica, a small cottage he called 'Goldeneye' where he wrote all the Bond novels.

It is not known specifically why Fleming chose that name, however, it could have been done so for a number of reasons. The first is that the estate is located in Oracabessa, which is Spanish for 'golden head'. Fleming is also reported to have read Carson McCullers' novel Reflections In A Golden Eye around the time he had his house built in Jamaica. More notably, Fleming was in charge of the defence of Gibraltar during the Second World War; the operation dubbed by Fleming, Operation Goldeneye.

His 1962 Bond novel, The Spy Who Loved Me was somewhat of a departure from the other books in the series in that he wrote the book in the first person from the point of view of a female protagonist, Vivienne Michel. Fleming gave the fictitious character co-author credit.

In 1961 Fleming sold the film rights to his existing and future James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman who eventually co-produced with Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli a film based on Dr. No (1962). Fleming suggested his neighbour, actor Sir Noel Coward to play Dr. Julius No and David Niven for the role of Bond. Some sources make claims and wild speculation to other Fleming favourites such as Roger Moore for the role of Bond and Fleming's cousin Christopher Lee for the role of Dr. No and even Bond himself. Although Lee was not selected for either role, he was later cast as the eponymous villain from The Man with the Golden Gun, Francisco Scaramanga. Dr. No became a huge hit, and was followed by From Russia with Love (1963), which would be the last Bond picture Fleming would live to see released.

He was seen during the Istanbul Pogroms, which many Greek and some Turkish scholars blamed Britain's secret hand behind its orchestration. His account, entitled "The Great Riot of Istanbul", appeared in Sunday Times on 11 September 1955.

Later life

Ian Fleming was also a noted bibliophile, and put together an important library on the theme of significant books in the history of western civilization, books which had "started something". He particularly collected books relating to science and technology such as On the Origin of Species, but also included such milestones as Mein Kampf and Scouting for Boys. He was a major lender to the 1963 exhibition Printing and the Mind of Man and 600 books from his collection are now in the Lilly Library at Indiana University.

Early on the morning of August 12, 1964, Ian Fleming died of a heart attack in Canterbury, Kent, at age 56, and was interred in the churchyard cemetery in the village of Sevenhampton, near Swindon. His wife Anne Geraldine Mary Fleming (1913–1981), and their only son, Caspar Robert Fleming (1952–1975), were later buried next to him. Ian's heart attack was most likely the result of his lifestyle of heavy drinking and heavy smoking (seventy cigarettes and a bottle of gin a day[citation needed]) in addition to the added stress of the Thunderball court cases of the early 60s in which Fleming was sued by Kevin McClory for adapting a screenplay that was co-written by, most notably, Fleming, McClory, and Jack Whittingham.

Selected works
James Bond novels
Nr Name Year
1. Casino Royale1 1953
2. Live and Let Die 1954
3. Moonraker2 1955
4. Diamonds Are Forever 1956
5. From Russia with Love 1957
6. Dr. No 1958
7. Goldfinger 1959
8. For Your Eyes Only3 1960
9. Thunderball4 1961
10. The Spy Who Loved Me5 1962
11. On Her Majesty's Secret Service 1963
12. You Only Live Twice 1964
13. The Man with the Golden Gun6 1965
14. Octopussy and The Living Daylights7 1966